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Genomic-Selection-for-Drought-Tolerance-Using-Genome-Wide-SNPs-in-Casava/
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To perform the analyses, we will need the following packages:
We can also use models by decision tree to genomic selection. Here, we use the Random Forest of the package [@randomForest]:
To prove that the prediction is accurate, we should perform a cross-validation (CV) scheme. For this purpose, we divide the data into a training set and a validation set.
First we separate the data into k folds. Then, we attribute NA for one fold and try to predict the data from this fold based on the others. When selecting the number of folds, one must prioritize the balance between the number of observations in each fold.
In addition, this process should be repeated for further validation. The step-by-step below will guide the CV in the data we are analysing.
Since we defined 5 folds, our data will be divided into 5 parts with 83 observations each.
The order is decreasing or increasing (numeric or alphabetical) regarding the name of the genotypes.
pheno <- pheno[order(pheno$ID_Clone, decreasing = F),]
geno <- geno[order(row.names(geno)),]
all(rownames(geno) == pheno$ID_Clone)[1] TRUEThis will be useful to assign each observation for a fold, which will be the next step.
In this step, we will assign each observation to a fold. Bear in mind that for each repetition, the folds will comprise different observations. The purpose of the repetition is to make sure of the randomness of the assignment step.
In this step, we will use the cvTools package [@cvTools]
For better performance, we included this step in the loop of the next step.
The next step is the very CV. Here, we will define the linear predictor and the lists that will be useful in the loop. The first list, here called results_cv_RF and, contains the results for each fold assignation that we built in the previous step. The second GEBVS_RF contains the GEBVs.
Then, we will construct the loop. For each iteration we assign a different training dataset, and we will use the other folds to predict the validation set. Note that the folds vary for each iteration and trait
Set up parallel processing. Define and run multiple models to get the GEBVs ATTENTION: This process is time-consuming.
# Planejar o processamento em várias sessões para paralelização
plan(multisession)
# Iniciar uma lista para armazenar os resultados
results_list <-
future_map(traits, .options = furrr_options(seed = 100), function(j) {
# Pré-processamento dos dados
pheno2 <- pheno %>%
select(ID_Clone, all_of(j)) %>%
na.omit() %>%
ungroup() %>%
filter(ID_Clone %in% rownames(geno)) %>%
mutate(ID = factor(1:nrow(.))) %>%
droplevels()
# Filtrar as linhas de Z com base em pheno2$ID_Clone
geno1 <- geno[rownames(geno) %in% pheno2$ID_Clone, ]
#Semente para reprodução
set.seed(100)
# Listas das folds
fold.list <- lapply(1:nrept, function(a) {
folds <- cvFolds(nlevels(pheno2$ID),
type = "random",
K = nfolds)
split(folds$subsets, f = folds$which)
})
# Usar future_map_dfr para criar dobras cruzadas em paralelo
future_map_dfr(1:length(fold.list), function(z) {
for (i in 1:nfolds) {
# pheno de Treinamento
pheno_train_data <- pheno2[-fold.list[[z]][[i]], ]
geno_train_data <- geno1[-fold.list[[z]][[i]],]
# pheno de validaço
pheno_test_data <- pheno2[fold.list[[z]][[i]],]
geno_test_data <- geno1[fold.list[[z]][[i]],]
# Fitting model
RF <-
randomForest(x = geno_train_data,
y = pheno_train_data[[j]])
# GEBV
Pred <-
data.frame(
Yhat = predict(RF, geno_test_data),
ID = pheno_test_data$ID,
ID_Clone = pheno_test_data$ID_Clone
) %>%
filter(ID %in% fold.list[[z]][[i]])
result1 <-
tibble(
GEBV = Pred$Yhat,
ID = Pred$ID,
ID_Clone = Pred$ID_Clone,
Trait = j,
rep = z,
fold = i
)
# Resultados da previsão
if (i == 1) {
result <- result1
} else {
result <- rbind(result, result1)
}
}
#Ordenando os resultados de acordo com o ID
result <- result[order(result$ID, decreasing = F),]
# Resultados da validação cruzada
result_cv <- tibble(
Trait = j,
rep = z,
Log = all(result$ID == pheno2$ID),
Ac = round(cor(result$GEBV, pheno2[[j]], use = "na.or.complete"), 3),
MSPE = round(mean((
result$GEBV - pheno2[[j]]
) ^ 2, na.rm = TRUE), 3),
result = list(result)
)
})
})
# Combinar todos os resultados da validação cruzada em uma única estrutura
results_cv_RF <- do.call(rbind, results_list)
# Extrair os GEBVs (Valores Genômicos Empíricos Melhorados) em uma estrutura separada
GEBVS_RF <- do.call(rbind, results_cv_RF$result)The object “GEBVS_RF” contains the GEBVs for each trait and clone. The table above shows the first five clones and their GEBVs for each trait.
GEBVS_RF |>
group_by(Trait, ID_Clone) |>
summarise(GEBV = mean(GEBV)) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = Trait, values_from = GEBV) %>%
head() %>%
kbl(escape = F, align = 'c') |>
kable_classic("hover", full_width = F, position = "center", fixed_thead = T)`summarise()` has grouped output by 'Trait'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.| ID_Clone | DMC | FRY | HI | N_Roots | Nstem.Plant | Plant.Height | Root.Di | Root.Le | ShY | StC | StY | Stem.D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BGM_2042 | 0.1451931 | 1.4496079 | 3.1015353 | 0.6449121 | 0.3191106 | -0.0012459 | 0.8382182 | 0.7391006 | 2.1877567 | 0.0782769 | 0.3742687 | 0.0467300 |
| BGM0368.250437186 | 0.9345959 | -0.7285073 | 0.8285951 | 0.0010088 | -0.0128948 | -0.0503279 | -0.6692147 | -0.9897567 | -4.1589767 | 0.9374582 | -0.0754125 | -0.0574171 |
| BGM0424.250437187 | -0.0123616 | -0.1009185 | -0.3284599 | -0.3140162 | -0.0226895 | 0.0062196 | -0.5188334 | -0.3481312 | -1.0347330 | -0.0575397 | 0.0022422 | -0.0186176 |
| BGM0611.250437190 | -1.3296228 | -0.1204026 | 0.3692578 | 0.2081517 | 0.0822986 | -0.0725367 | 0.2534240 | 0.3220756 | -0.3743010 | -1.3447060 | -0.0867330 | -0.0883289 |
| BGM0652.250437861 | -0.0075193 | -0.0939703 | -0.4704020 | -0.0702045 | 0.0568957 | -0.0213872 | -0.2044276 | -0.1057579 | 0.3375576 | -0.0769899 | -0.0397454 | -0.0145388 |
| BGM0699.250437199 | -0.5693895 | -0.3686601 | -0.2958907 | -0.3346485 | -0.0435400 | -0.0218531 | -0.3045638 | -0.1673995 | -0.9447571 | -0.6048763 | -0.0780387 | 0.0084988 |
Acuracy and MSPE for each trait and repetition:
results_cv_RF[-6] |>
group_by(Trait) %>%
summarise_all(mean) %>%
arrange(desc(Ac), MSPE) %>%
kbl(escape = F, align = 'c') |>
kable_classic("hover", full_width = F, position = "center", fixed_thead = T)| Trait | rep | Log | Ac | MSPE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root.Le | 3 | 1 | 0.3446 | 1.8728 |
| Stem.D | 3 | 1 | 0.3412 | 0.0080 |
| ShY | 3 | 1 | 0.3182 | 12.7628 |
| FRY | 3 | 1 | 0.3140 | 1.1738 |
| Plant.Height | 3 | 1 | 0.2886 | 0.0078 |
| Root.Di | 3 | 1 | 0.2824 | 3.4866 |
| StY | 3 | 1 | 0.2818 | 0.0724 |
| N_Roots | 3 | 1 | 0.2578 | 0.8768 |
| HI | 3 | 1 | 0.2554 | 12.1224 |
| Nstem.Plant | 3 | 1 | 0.2082 | 0.0298 |
| StC | 3 | 1 | 0.1556 | 6.2552 |
| DMC | 3 | 1 | 0.1548 | 6.2874 |
The object “result_cv” is divided by repetition. In the “result_cv” objects for each repetition, “Rep” is the number of the repetition, “Log” is a diagnostic indicating if the order of the predicted breeding values matches the order of the adjusted means, “Ac” is the prediction accuracy (correlation between the GEBV and adjusted means), and “MSPE” is the mean square prediction error (the lower, the better).
We will now obtain the joint results of all methods and compare them. Additionally, we will adopt a selection model to optimize the selection of cassava clones for EMBRAPA’s cassava breeding program.
Our aim is to select clones with high GEBVs and high GETGVs, identifying clones with strong intrinsic potential as well as those that can be crossbred to produce high-potential hybrid clones.
This step will be detailed in the next phase of the project:
R version 4.3.3 (2024-02-29 ucrt)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 19045)
Matrix products: default
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8 LC_CTYPE=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8
[3] LC_MONETARY=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8 LC_NUMERIC=C
[5] LC_TIME=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8
time zone: America/Sao_Paulo
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] randomForest_4.7-1.2 kableExtra_1.4.0 cvTools_0.3.3
[4] robustbase_0.99-4-1 lattice_0.22-6 lubridate_1.9.4
[7] forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4
[10] purrr_1.0.2 readr_2.1.5 tidyr_1.3.1
[13] tibble_3.2.1 ggplot2_3.5.1 tidyverse_2.0.0
[16] furrr_0.3.1 future_1.34.0
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] gtable_0.3.6 xfun_0.50 bslib_0.8.0 tzdb_0.4.0
[5] vctrs_0.6.5 tools_4.3.3 generics_0.1.3 parallel_4.3.3
[9] DEoptimR_1.1-3-1 pkgconfig_2.0.3 lifecycle_1.0.4 compiler_4.3.3
[13] git2r_0.35.0 munsell_0.5.1 codetools_0.2-20 httpuv_1.6.15
[17] htmltools_0.5.8.1 sass_0.4.9 yaml_2.3.10 later_1.4.1
[21] pillar_1.10.1 jquerylib_0.1.4 cachem_1.1.0 parallelly_1.41.0
[25] tidyselect_1.2.1 digest_0.6.37 stringi_1.8.4 listenv_0.9.1
[29] rprojroot_2.0.4 fastmap_1.2.0 grid_4.3.3 colorspace_2.1-1
[33] cli_3.6.3 magrittr_2.0.3 withr_3.0.2 scales_1.3.0
[37] promises_1.3.2 timechange_0.3.0 rmarkdown_2.29 globals_0.16.3
[41] workflowr_1.7.1 hms_1.1.3 evaluate_1.0.3 knitr_1.49
[45] viridisLite_0.4.2 rlang_1.1.4 Rcpp_1.0.14 glue_1.8.0
[49] xml2_1.3.6 svglite_2.1.3 rstudioapi_0.17.1 jsonlite_1.8.9
[53] R6_2.5.1 systemfonts_1.1.0 fs_1.6.5 Weverton Gomes da Costa, Pós-Doutorando, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, wevertonufv@gmail.com↩︎